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Hydroxyalkanoate (HAK) is a fatty acid ester, and it is a green chemical material that can be used to produce polymeric bioplastics. Polymer compositions are composed of various HAKs (Fig. 10). The chemical structure of HAKs is different from petroleum-derived plastics, which are made of long-chain linear polymers. HAKs are used in a wide variety of commercial applications, including in the areas of food packaging, automobile parts, and paints (Khelifa et al. 2012). Another alternative for bioplastic production is a modified starch-based polymer named polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB), which is a polyhydroxyalkanoate, and naturally produced by bacteria (Nie and Liu 2019). PHBs are the most efficient bioplastics owing to their lower biodegradability compared to that of petroleum-derived plastic products (Bouchez et al. 2011). PHBs may be produced in pure form or a blend with other polymers, such as polyethylene. There is an increasing number of studies investigating the synthesis of bioplastics from microalgae (Saraf et al. 2018).
Despite the successful development and commercialization of bioplastics, the environmental sustainability and safety should be carefully evaluated in future research (El-Sayed et al. 2017). Microbial contamination may occur in the production of bioplastics. During processing, the bioplastics could be also deteriorated by biodegradable contaminants (Liang et al. 2012). Hydrolysis of the bioplastics could be enhanced by the presence of high concentrations of some biodegradable compounds, such as glycerol, sorbitol, lactose, and citrate (Mugdal et al. 2012). The release of cytotoxic compounds is an important property to investigate during the bioplastics process because of the possibility of toxic contamination (Alemi et al. 2017).
The synthesis and biodegradation of bioplastics are the final goals. The biodegradation of plastic is determined by the properties of the plastics matrix, plastic additives, and conditions of use (i.e., moisture, oxygen, temperature, pH and the microorganism presence) (Shamsi et al. 2019). Besides, the biodegradation or polymerization of microorganisms is a significant factor (Baratani et al. 2011).
Renewable resources are essential for development and production of environmental-friendly products. This is the main reason for the increasing use of renewable resources for the production of biodegradable plastics (A.M.2017). However, there are two major problems in the production of bioplastics: market price competition and the availability of raw material for the economically feasible amounts of production (Shamsi and Zia-e-Dowleh 2019).
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